The U.S. and Koreas Joseon Dynasty established diplomatic relations under the 1882 Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, and the first U.S. diplomatic envoy arrived in Korea in 1883. [409], Domestic horse racing events are also followed by South Koreans and Seoul Race Park in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do is located closest to Seoul out of the country's three tracks.[410]. The Korea national basketball team has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date.[404]. [276], Male citizens who refuse or reject to undertake military services because of conscientious objection are typically imprisoned, with over 600 individuals usually imprisoned at any given time; more than the rest of the world put together. For example, migrants from China (PRC) make up 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of the Chinese citizens in Korea are Joseonjok (), PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity. The U.S. troops, which are primarily ground and air units, are assigned to USFK and mainly assigned to the Eighth United States Army of the U.S. Army and Seventh Air Force of the U.S. Air Force. Updated on February 02, 2022 A unitary state, or unitary government, is a governing system in which a single central government has total power over all of its other political subdivisions. Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball. [307], South Korea is the third highest ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) after Singapore and Hong Kong respectively an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Employers are also covered under the workplace-based pension scheme and help cover their employees obligated 9% contribution by providing the remaining 4.5%. On 10 May 2022, Yoon Suk-yeol was sworn in as South Korea's new president to succeed Moon. [215] Widespread Christianization of the Koreans took place during State Shinto,[215] after its abolition, and then in the independent South Korea as the newly established military government supported Christianity and tried to utterly oust native Sindo. . Most of the National Treasures of South Korea are Buddhist artifacts. [312][313] As of 2010[update], South Korea and Turkey are in negotiations regarding construction of two nuclear reactors. South Korean television dramas, known as K-dramas, have begun to find fame internationally. [286] South Korea's economy was one of the world's fastest-growing from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, and was still one of the fastest-growing developed countries in the 2000s, along with Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, the other three Asian Tigers. It has been praised for various reasons, including its comparatively high test results and its major role in generating South Korea's economic development, creating one of the world's most educated workforces. Previous exceptions for South Korean citizens of mixed race no longer apply since 2011.[267]. The Seoul Olympic Museum is dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics. The central government may create (or abolish) administrative divisions (sub-national units). [320], South Korean tourism is driven by many factors, including the prominence of Korean pop culture such as South Korean pop music and television dramas, known as the Korean Wave or Hallyu, has gained popularity throughout East Asia. South Korea is a unitary state council having a presidential system, and thus it is a constitutional republic. [204] The system has also been criticized for producing an excess supply of university graduates creating an overeducated and underemployed labor force; in the first quarter of 2013 alone, nearly 3.3 million South Korean university graduates were jobless, leaving many graduates overqualified for jobs requiring less education. The National Election Commission oversees the elections. Constitution of 1960 The framers based many provisions, such as those outlining the powers of the president, on French models. Its armed forces are ranked as one of the world's strongest militaries, with the world's second-largest standing army by military and paramilitary personnel. [147] South Korea is ranked 45th on the Corruption Perceptions Index (9th in the Asia-Pacific region), with a score of 57 out of 100.[148]. The Korean high-speed rail system, KTX, provides high-speed service along Gyeongbu and Honam Line. [313], South Korea is not allowed to enrich uranium or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology on its own, because of US political pressure,[315] unlike most major nuclear powers such as Japan, Germany, and France, competitors of South Korea in the international nuclear market. [179], South Korea is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 492, placing it ninth in the world. [209] Other religions include Islam (130,000 Muslims, mostly migrant workers from Pakistan and Bangladesh but including some 35,000 Korean Muslims[211]), the homegrown sect of Won Buddhism, and a variety of indigenous religions, including Cheondoism (a Confucianizing religion), Jeungsanism, Daejongism, Daesun Jinrihoe, and others. [59][60][61][62] Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[63] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju[64] was the fourth largest city in the world. Recently, research and development in genetics and cloning has received increasing attention, with the first successful cloning of a dog, Snuppy (in 2005), and the cloning of two females of an endangered species of gray wolves by the Seoul National University in 2007. [325] Like the individually insured persons, they too are in charge of covering the full amount of the contribution. [265], Unresolved tension with North Korea has prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6% of its GDP and 15% of all government spending to its military (Government share of GDP: 14.967%), while maintaining compulsory conscription for men. [105], Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan. Generals in the Japanese Army: a Chosun prince, whose rank was honorary and who commanded no troops; and Lt. Gen. Bang, Ha-Nam, Study of Korean Corporations Retirement Allowance Schemes, Korea Labor Institute, 1998. [241] South Korea is also China's fourth largest trading partner, with $93 billion of Chinese imports in 2016. Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world, third-highest life expectancy in the world, with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96%, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people, ranked 11th in the world for life expectancy, third highest health adjusted life expectancy, sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan, generally regarded in South Korea as having been very negative, Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), over 23,000 troops stationed in South Korea, Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement, centralized intelligence gathering and analysis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries, History of science and technology in Korea, List of Korean inventions and discoveries, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 21 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics, "Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million", "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022", "The Korean Economy the Miracle on the Hangang River: Korea.net: The official website of the Republic of Korea", "Surfing the Korean Wave: How K-pop is taking over the world | The McGill Tribune", "1369MAPAS E ICONOGRAFIA DOS SCS. The name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. [230] North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border. Constitution Day is on 17 July, and it celebrates the promulgation of Constitution of the Republic of Korea. [277] The vast majority of these are young men from the Jehovah's Witnesses Christian denomination. The close relationship began directly after World War II, when the United States temporarily administrated Korea for three years (mainly in the South, with the Soviet Union engaged in North Korea) after Japan. [citation needed], The South Korean Navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.[268]. [28][27] Conversely, the official name of North Korea in English, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea", is a direct translation of the Korean name. [316] The US has recently been wary of South Korea's burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only. From them, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla emerged to control the peninsula as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It was later suppressed throughout much of the subsequent history under the unified kingdom of Joseon (13921897), which officially adopted a strict Korean Confucianism. [134], The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022. Local governments are semi-autonomous, and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. His election was significant given that he had in earlier years been a political prisoner sentenced to death (later commuted to exile). Both North and South Korea claim complete sovereignty over the entire peninsula and outlying islands. The official government name of South Korea is the Republic of Korea, and the government type is the presidential Republic. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century, Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty (9181392) and the Joseon dynasty (13921897). The gaming scene of South Korea is managed by the Korean e-Sports Association. [157] In practice the population density in much of South Korea is higher than the national one, as most of the country's land is uninhabitable due to being used for other purposes such as farming. The United States has stationed a substantial contingent of troops to defend South Korea. South Korea has a presidential system governed by a directly-elected president and a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly, in which various political parties Cabinet members are accountable only to the president. While South Korea is successful in exporting its electricity-generating nuclear technology and nuclear reactors, it cannot capitalize on the market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries, preventing it from further expanding its export niche. Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in the 12th century BCE, but its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era. Combined, South Korean airlines serve 297 international routes. In the mid-14th century, Goryeo drove out the Mongols to regain its northern territories, briefly conquered Liaoyang, and defeated invasions by the Red Turbans. The 2017 election of President Moon Jae-in has seen a change in approach towards the North, and both sides used the South Korean-held 2018 Winter Olympics as an opportunity for engagement,[236] with a very senior North Korean political delegation sent to the games, along with a reciprocal visit by senior South Korean cabinet members to the North soon afterwards. Park was heavily criticized as a ruthless military dictator, who in 1972 extended his rule by creating a new constitution, which gave the president sweeping (almost dictatorial) powers and permitted him to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically 18 months. A recent agreement with Novavax expands its production for a second vaccine to 40 million doses in 2022, with a $450 million investment in domestic and overseas facilities. South Korea is a constitutional democracy. The cultural phenomenon known as Hallyu or the "Korean Wave", has swept many countries across Asia making South Korea a major soft power as an exporter of popular culture and entertainment, rivaling Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom.[383][384]. No, South Africa is a country. [247] On 22 June, Moon Jae-in and Putin signed a document for foundation of free trade area. Seoul hosted the Olympic Games in 1988, widely regarded as successful and a significant boost for South Korea's global image and economy. Korail provides frequent train services to all major South Korean cities. TOURIST VISA REQUIRED: Yes - visa or Korean Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA) as of September 1, 2021. [154][155] In 2021, the fertility rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman. For all Department accounts: https://t.co/kzsNMIOwF9. [296], South Korea became a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1996.[297]. [198] In 2017, the country ranked fifth for the percentage of 25 to 64 year old's that have attained tertiary education with 47.7 percent. Hangul Day, on 9 October commemorates the invention of hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language. What followed was a period of forced assimilation, in which Korean language, culture, and history were suppressed. Korean culture like Filipino culture has been influenced by interaction with other cultures, technology and the natural instinct of self-preservation. [163] As of 2016[update], South Korea had 1,413,758 foreign residents, 2.75% of the population;[162] however, many of them are ethnic Koreans with a foreign citizenship. [185], Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. [343] Arirang-1 was lost in space in 2008, after nine years in service. Chun and his government held South Korea under a despotic rule until 1987, when a Seoul National University student, Park Jong-chul, was tortured to death. The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time. has achieved a remarkably high level of economic growth and is now the United States' sixth-largest goods trading partner with a trillion-dollar economy. South Korea is a democracy, and specifically, a unitary presidential republic, a type of democracy where the state is a single entity with an elected president, i.e., there is no state. Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs. South Korea is a multi-party state. [302] There are also many heliports. Historical dramas have included Faith, Dae Jang Geum, The Legend, Dong Yi, Moon Embracing the Sun, Sungkyunkwan Scandal, Iljimae and Kingdom. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Korean is the official language of South Korea, and is classified by most linguists as a language isolate. This impediment to South Korea's indigenous nuclear industrial undertaking has sparked occasional diplomatic rows between the two allies. [386] 2019's Parasite, directed by Bong Joon-ho, became the highest-grossing film in South Korea as well as the first non-English language film to win Best Picture at the United States-based Academy Awards that year amongst numerous other accolades. During World WarII, more than 100,000 Koreans served in the Imperial Japanese Army. the second largest Asian source of foreign direct investment into the U.S. During President Trumps 2017 visit to the country, R.O.K. A communist country also referred to as a Marxist-Leninist state, is a country that is governed and administered by a single party based on Marxist-Leninist philosophy. The lack of a strong response to these attacks from both South Korea and the international community (the official UN report declined to explicitly name North Korea as the perpetrator for the Cheonan sinking) caused significant anger with the South Korean public. Seoul hosted the 1967 and 1995 Asian Basketball Championship. It remained the state religion in Later Silla (North South States Period) and Goryeo. Voluntarily insured persons are not subjected to mandatory coverage but can choose to be. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the bronze medal for football. [123], On 29 October 2022, at least 153 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. [306], South Korea is the world's fifth-largest nuclear power producer and the second-largest in Asia as of 2010[update]. Is South Africa a state? During the war, Rhee's party promoted the One-People Principle (based on the German ideology of the Herrenvolk) an effort to build an obedient citizenry through ethnic homogeneity and authoritarian appeals to nationalism. Aside from micro-states and city-states, South Korea is the world's third most densely-populated country. [157] Most South Koreans live in urban areas, because of rapid migration from the countryside during the country's quick economic expansion in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Many K-pop acts have also been able to secure a strong overseas following using online social media platforms such as the video sharing website YouTube. Life expectancy has been rising rapidly and South Korea ranked 11th in the world for life expectancy at 82.3 years by the WHO in 2015. This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration, especially to North America through the United States and Canada. The four largest diaspora populations can be found in China (2.3 million), the United States (1.8 million), Japan (0.85 million), and Canada (0.25 million). The two failed KSLV-I launch vehicles were based on the Universal Rocket Module, the first stage of the Russian Angara rocket, combined with a solid-fueled second stage built by South Korea. According to the 2015 census, 27.6% of the population were Christians (19.7% identified themselves as Protestants, 7.9% as Roman Catholics) and 15.5% were Buddhists. Its current Chief of State, as well as the Head of Government, is President Moon Jae-in. This category comprises retirees who voluntarily choose to have additional benefits, individuals under the age of 27 without income, and individuals whose spouses are covered under a public welfare system, whether military, governmental, or private school teacher pensions. Between 1592 and 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched invasions of Korea, but his advance was halted by Korean forces (most notably the Joseon Navy led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his renowned "turtle ship") with assistance from Righteous Army militias formed by Korean civilians, and Ming dynasty Chinese troops. [336][337][338] Additionally, South Korea today is known as a Launchpad of a mature mobile market, where developers can reap benefits of a market where very few technology constraints exist. [406] In 2011, the South Korean city of Daegu hosted the 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. [307] Nuclear power in South Korea supplies 45% of electricity production, and research is very active with investigation into a variety of advanced reactors, including a small modular reactor, a liquid-metal fast/transmutation reactor and a high-temperature hydrogen generation design. Despite lacking natural resources, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers based on international trade and economic globalization, integrating itself within the world economy with export-oriented industrialization; currently being one of the largest exporting nations in the world, along with having one of the largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world. Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea. According to an analysis by economist Han Sang-Wan, a 1 percent increase in the exports of Korean cultural content pushes consumer goods exports up 0.083 percent while a 1 percent increase in Korean pop content exports to a country produces a 0.019 percent bump in tourism.[321]. [249][250] Korean women were coerced and forced to serve the Imperial Japanese Army as sexual slaves, called comfort women, in both Korea and throughout the Japanese war fronts. [115], South Korea saw another milestone in 2012 with the first ever female president Park Geun-hye elected and assuming office. [393] Other Korean martial arts include Taekkyon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak.[394]. This instability was broken by the 16 May 1961 coup led by General Park Chung-hee. [131] South Korea had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.02/10, ranking it 87th globally out of 172 countries. By early 2009, relationships between North and South Korea were very tense; North Korea had been reported to have deployed missiles,[228] ended its former agreements with South Korea,[229] and threatened South Korea and the United States not to interfere with a satellite launch it had planned. Soups known as guk () are often made with meats, shellfish and vegetables. [210] Of the people who are affiliated with a religious organization, most are Christians and Buddhists. [385] Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the modern South Korean popular music scene, though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans. [241], There were no formal diplomatic ties between South Korea and Japan directly after independence the end of World WarII in 1945. It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997, the Asian Winter Games in 1999, and the Summer Universiade in 2003 and 2015. The unemployment rate in South Korea also remained low in 2009, at 3.6%. [138][139], Seoul's tap water recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it "Arisu" in a bid to convince the public. A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority. The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs. It has local governments that are granted autonomy and have their executive and legislative branches. There also is an 'active old-age pension' scheme that covers individuals age 60 to 65 engaged in activities yielding earned income. In the other states of the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo and Baekje, it was made the state religion respectively in 372 and 528. In recent years, the country has been facing an aging population and the lowest fertility rate in the world. Relations thawed gradually and South Korea and the PRC re-established formal diplomatic relations on 24 August 1992. However, the Manchus took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637, and then went on to conquer the destabilized Ming dynasty. [85] The first 200 years of the Joseon dynasty were marked by peace, and saw great advancements in science[86][87] and education,[88] as well as the creation of Hangul by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people. It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed. Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century. There has been long-term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense. Many dramas tend to have a romantic focus, such as Princess Hours, You're Beautiful, Playful Kiss, My Name is Kim Sam Soon, Boys Over Flowers, Winter Sonata, Autumn in My Heart, Full House, City Hunter, All About Eve, Secret Garden, I Can Hear Your Voice, Master's Sun, My Love from the Star, Healer, Descendants of the Sun, Guardian: The Lonely and Great God and Reply (TV series) . South Korea hosted the Asian Games in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan), and 2014 (Incheon). Individuals age of 55 and younger than 60 who are not engaged in activities yielding earned income are eligible to be covered under the 'early old-age pension' scheme. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo, which was considered a great power of East Asia during its time, in the 5th century as a shortened form of its name. South Korea is unitary. But can South Korea's Big Two airlines capitalize? Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War, making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era. There had also been strong anti-American sentiment during certain periods, which has largely moderated in the modern day. Large numbers of ethnic Koreans live overseas, sometimes in Korean ethnic neighborhoods also known as Koreatowns. [137], In 2017, South Korea was the world's seventh largest emitter of carbon emissions and the fifth largest emitter per capita. More specifically, the Korean Cabinet performs policy resolutions as well as policy consultations to the President. Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BCE. Two rail lines, Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu Line, to North Korea are now being reconnected. Rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman ] South Korea is the supreme authority military, typically months! Donghae Bukbu Line, to North Korea are Buddhist artifacts most are Christians and Buddhists September,... Of their own by General Park Chung-hee political prisoner sentenced to death ( later commuted to exile ) by... The Korea Strait and the Korean language, which has largely moderated in early. For South Korea are Buddhist artifacts government type is the World 's third densely-populated. 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