Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Test Results BioWorld is the greatest of all products tested and 96.1% of the initial concentration of oil was degraded by the end of the study. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation. [136] The two formulations are neither the least toxic, nor the most effective, among EPA's approved dispersants, but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion. Post-oil spill samples on the other hand, contain mostly oil-degrading organisms with drastic decrease in diversity. [13] Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which the well was declared to be "in a static condition. "[309] The investigation by United States Attorney General Eric Holder was announced on 1 June 2010. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases. [318] The report stated that "whether purposeful or not, many of the decisions that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean made that increased the risk of the Macondo blowout clearly saved those companies significant time (and money). It fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle. Connect With ASM. [172][177][178][179][180][181][182] In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. [6][46] BP challenged the higher figure, saying that the government overestimated the volume. The British Petroleum oil spill (BP oil spill), also known as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, is the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum production industry [11] . [citation needed] Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues, skin problems, breathing issues, coughing, and headaches. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. environmental disaster, Gulf of Mexico [2010]. It smothered corals in oil and chemicals, and disrupted the reproductive cycles of commercial and recreational fish -- including large fish like bluefin tuna. It was largely settled when a Federal District judge approved the, That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the, The remaining 20 percent, or $1.33 billion, went to, The National Academy of Sciences received $500 million to create the, The National Fish and Wildlife Foundations received $2.544 billion for its, NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. Gas-station owners divided", "Despite BP oil spill, Louisiana still loves Big Oil", "FB10-055: BP Oil Spill: NOAA Modifies Commercial and Recreational Fishing Closure in the Oil-Affected Portions of the Gulf of Mexico", "Deepwater Horizon/BP Oil Spill: Size and Percent Coverage of Fishing Area Closures Due to BP Oil Spill". [261], Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). 1752 N St. NW. Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges in January 2013, adding $300 million from criminal fines to funding dedicated to the restoration efforts in the Gulf region and to improve oil spill response training and prevention. The first one is increasing the surface area through emulsification. Court order granting partial summary judgment of liability for the spill, criminal plea agreement with BP Exploration & Production, Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling Inc., Transocean Deepwater Inc., Transocean Holdings LLC, and Triton Asset Leasing GmbH (Transocean), Phase One Trial: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on Gross Negligence and Willful Misconduct, Phase Two Trial: Findings of Fact on Source Control and the Amount of Oil Spilled, Ruling on Maximum Dollars-Per-Barrel Penalty Amount, as Adjusted by the Penalty Inflation Act, $14.9 billion civil settlement with BP Exploration & Production. Bioremediation was used extensively to combat the devastating effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 and British Petroleum's Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. [368] Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well. In July 2010, it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf". Once released by the fracture of the core, the natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rigs riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers and injuring 17. [52] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi. [328], The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency. Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called dispersants were used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water. 3) A large amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere as a waste product of oil degradation. Due to the effectiveness and lower cost of bioremediation, two methods. The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm. [216] In December 2013, the journal Environmental Science & Technology published a study finding that of 32 dolphins briefly captured from 24-km stretch near southeastern Louisiana, half were seriously ill or dying. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. Though similar to the failed top kill, mud could be injected at much lower pressures during the static kill because of the stabilizing influence of the capping stack. For the initial explosion, see, Containment, collection and use of dispersants. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. [28][361], On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of $18.7billion. Phylogenetic [197] A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact. Efforts in May to place a containment dome over the largest leak in the broken riser were thwarted by the buoyant action of gas hydratesgas molecules in an ice matrixformed by the reaction of natural gas and cold water. 1) The use of dispersants can be harmful to the environment but it is necessary to increase the rate of crude oil degradation by microbes. [22], In November 2012, BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. [325] In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history", that the company was "reckless", and determined that several crucial BP decisions were "primarily driven by a desire to save time and money, rather than ensuring that the well was secure." Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Physical Health among Adult Women in Southern Louisiana: The Women and Their Childrens Health (WaTCH) Study. [165] However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse. An infamous example of this is the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. (2001). Those funds are credited towards the possible final $8.8 billion total. Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected. So began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico. [59] As of January2011[update], tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. Dan Zak for the Washington Post, 3 June 2010. These projects allowed restoration of the Gulf to begin immediately. [272], On 28 April 2010, the National Energy Board of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the Canadian Arctic and along the British Columbia Coast, issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells. The risk for new deep-sea spills is not expected to decrease in the future, as political pressure mounts to access deep-water fossil reserves, and poorly tested technologies are used to access oil. [130] Environmental scientists expressed concerns that the dispersants add to the toxicity of a spill, increasing the threat to sea turtles and bluefin tuna. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling. Testing over the past year (2019) reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.[186]. [148] In a major study on the plume, experts were most concerned about the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold, 40F (4C) water at depths of 3,000ft (900m). "[319][321] The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost-cutting decisions.[318]. [266][267], On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster. In May 2013, he was honored as a "distinguished leader" by the University of Birmingham, but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk-outs and the focus of a protest from People & Planet members. [232], By June 2010, 143spill-exposure cases had been reported to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals; 108 of those involved workers in the clean-up efforts, while 35 were reported by residents. [165][168] The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. [235][236], Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country. [85][86][87] On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2bbl (320L) per minute into the well-head. 8 September 2010, Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Offshore oil spill prevention and response, Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, 2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium, Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Organization for International Investment, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You, Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States), Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report, On Scene Coordinator Report on Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "BP / Gulf Oil Spill 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact", "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say", "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill", "Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak", "Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers", "Blown-out BP well finally killed at bottom of Gulf", "Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back", The Use of Surface and Subsea Dispersants During the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Under the final consent decree, BP will pay the trustees up to $8.8 billion, the largest recovery of damages ever for injuries to natural resources, to restore the Gulf. ASM Connect. Based on 16S rRNA gene community analysis, the most prominent group of hydrocarbon degraders detected at contaminated sites were from the genus Pseudomonas [9]. BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 23 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. [254], The spill had a strong economic impact to BP [255] and also the Gulf Coast's economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. 2) Adding a large amount of nitrate and sulfate fertilizers into the open ocean is very wasteful as current can wash away most of it quite rapidly. Typically such large amounts are sprayed over the open ocean from an airplane or helicopter. The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, lastminute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform. [20][323] The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident. [29], The Deepwater Horizon was a 10-year-old[30] semi-submersible, mobile, floating, dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to 10,000ft (3,000m) deep. Booms extend 1848in (0.461.22m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. The paper is titled "Oil biodegradation and bioremediation: A tale of the two worst spills in U. S. history." . [217][218], In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast[219][220][221][222] and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil. We conducted dozens of public meetings and received thousands of comments which have helped us shape each phase of early restoration. [257][258] BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties. [229], A 2015 study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, published in PLOS ONE, links the sharp increase in dolphin deaths to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil. These traditional techniques are limited in effectiveness and are expensive due to the large area affected by the BP oil spill. In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4billion fine. [347] The settlement includes payments of $2.394billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, $1.15billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $350million to the National Academy of Sciences for oil spill prevention and response research, $100million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, $6million to General Treasury and $525million to the Securities and Exchange Commission. [270] The moratorium suspended work on 33rigs,[270] and a group of affected companies formed the Back to Work Coalition. [173] Notwithstanding restrictions, there were 800 to 1,000flights per day during the operations. An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service. "[116] Altogether, 1.8410^6USgal (7,000m3) of dispersants were used; of this 771,000USgal (2,920m3) were released at the wellhead. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome. Certain techniques described above such as low-pressure flushing and vacuum pumping can disrupt and cause long term damage to sensitive microbial environments such as marshes and wetlands [3]. Before it was capped three months later, approximately 134 million gallons of oil had spilled into the Gulf, the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history. The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day. [190][191] PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. The Gulf Coast Claims Facility and the Deepwater Horizon Litigation: Judicial Regulation of Private Compensation Schemes", Independent Evaluation of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility. Pelican eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit". [209] Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered. You may remember the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that happened in 2010, where 3.19 million barrels of oil spilled off the Gulf of Mexico. [353], In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying $1.1billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years. 4) Is there a way to isolate the genes responsible for oil degrading microbes and introduce them to indigenous microbe populations that are incapable of oil degrading? [4][49] By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125mi (201km) of Louisiana's coast and along the Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama coastlines. [2] BP conducted its internal investigation. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions. [320] Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well. Who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? [13] Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. The second had been intended to serve as a backup and was not completed. $7.1 billion for restoration stretching more than 15 years beginning in 2017. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000USgal (5,300,000l; 1,200,000impgal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil. [82][83] Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which didn't work either). Government officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. This was to cover all offshore cleanup activities, BP later requested a second NIOSH investigation of onshore cleanup operations. [170][171], The first video images were released on 12 May, and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP. It was largely settled when a Federal District judge approved the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history $20.8 billion on April 4, 2016. A citizen 's guide to bioremediation (Fact Sheet). This page was last edited on 27 December 2012, at 05:17. [202] According to J. Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the Deepwater Horizon spill. [56] In October, weathered oil reached Texas. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. [163][164] David L. Valentine, a professor of microbial geochemistry at UC Santa Barbara, said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated. Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation. 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